THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CELL

SOUBHAGYA SINGH

ROLL NO=18

                                   CHAPTER5-THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

QUESTION AND ANSWER-

QUES) MAKE A  COMPARISON AND WRITE DOWN WAYS IN WHICH PLANT CELLS ARE DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL CELLS?

ANS) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN  PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL ARE=

PLANT CELL

1. PLANT CELLS ARE LARGER THAN ANIMAL CELL.
2. PLASTIDS ARE PRESENT.

     3. PLANT CELL LACK CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLES. 

     4. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF PLANT CELL IS SURROUNDED BY A RIGID CELL WALL OF CELLULOSE.

ANIMAL CELL

    1. ANIMAL CELL ARE GENERALLY SMALL IN SIZE.

   2. EXCEPT THE PROTOZOAN EUGLENA, NO ANIMAL CELL POSSESSES PLATIDS.
   3.  ANIMAL CELLS HAVE CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLES.
   4.CELL WALL IS  ABSENT.

QUES) HOW IS A PROKARYOTIC CELL DIFFERENT FROM A EUKARYOTIC CELL?
ANS) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROKARYOTIC CELL AND EUKARYOTIC CELL=
PROKARYOTIC CELL

1. SIZE OF A CELL IS GENERALLY SMALL(1-10mm)
2. IT CONTAINS SINGLE CHROMOSOME.
3. NUCLEOLUS IS ABSENT.

     4. MEMBRANE BOUND CELL ORGANELLES ARE ABSENT.

EUKARYOTIC CELL

1. SIZE OF CELL IS GENERALLY LARGE(5-100mm)
2. IT CONTAINS MORE THAN ONE CHROMOSOME.

     3. NUCLEOLOUS IS PRESENT.
     4.MEMBRANE BOUND CELL ORGANELLES SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA, GOLGI APPARATUS, LYSOSOMES ARE PRESENT.

QUES)WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE RUPTURES OR BREAKS DOWN?
ANS) PLASMA MEMBRANE IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE OF THE CELL THAT MAINTAIN ITS HOMEOSTASIS, EXAMPLE= CONSTANT INTERNAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL. IF IT RUPTURES OR BREAKDOWN THE CONSTANT INTERNAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL WHICH BE LOST AND IT WILL BE ABLE TO PERFORM ITS BASIC FUNCTION. SUCH A CELL WITH RUPTURED PLASMA MEMBRANE IS KILLED.

QUES)  WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THE LIFE OF CELL IF THERE WAS NO GOLGI APPARATUS?
ANS) THEY WOULD NOT BE ANY LYSOSOME FOR INTERCELLULAR DIGESTION AND CLEANSING, NOT COMPLEXING OF MOLECULES, NO EXOCTOSIS AND NO FORMATION OF NEW PLASMA MEMBRANE

QUES) WHICH ORGANELLE IS KNOWN AS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL? WHY?
ANS)MITOCHONDRION IS KNOWN AS THE  POWERHOUSE  OF THE CELL BECAUSE IT CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT ARE NEEDED FOR STEPWISE OXIDATION OF FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN THE CELLS TO CO2 AND WATER. OXIDATION OF FOOD RELEASES ENERGY WHICH IS USED TO PERFORM HIGH ENERGY WHICH IS USED TO PERFORM- ENERGY STORED IN ATP IS USED TO BRING ABOUT ENERGY REQUIRING ACTIVITIES OF CELL SUCH AS PHOTOSYNTHESIS,PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

QUES) WHERE DO THE LIPIDS AND PROTEINS CONSTITUTING THE CELL MEMBRANE GET SYNTHESIZED?
ANS)PROTEINS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN RIBOSOMES OF ROUGH ER WHILE LIPIDS  ARE SYNTHESIZED OVER SMOOTH ER.

QUES)  HOW DOES AN AMOEBA OBTAIN IT'S FOOD?
ANS)AMOEBA IS UNICELLULAR ANIMAL. IT ACQUIRES ITS FOOD BY THE PROCESS OF ENDOCYTOSIS. PLASMA MEMBRANE OF AMOEBA IS FLEXIBLE WITH ITS HELP AMOEBA ENGUFLS FOOD PARTICLES. THE ENGULFED FOOD PARTICLE PASSES INTO THE BODYOF ORGANISMS AS A PHAGOSOME. PHAGOSOME COMBINES WITH LYSOSOME TO PRODUCE DIGESTIVEOR FOOD VACUOLE .DIGESTION OCCURS IN FOOD VACUOLE. THE DIGESTED FOOD PASSES INTO SURROUNDING CYTOPLASM. THE UNDIGESTED MATTER IS THROWN OUT OF THE CELL.

OUES) WHAT IS OSMOSIS?
ANS)OSMOSIS IS DIFFUSION OF WATER FROM THE REGION OF ITS HIGHER CONCENTRATION (PURE WATER OR DILUTE SOLUTIONS) TO THE REGION OF ITS LOWER  CONCENTRATION (STRONG SOLUTION) THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

OUES) CARRY OUT THE FOLLOWING OSMOSIS EXPERIMENT:
TAKE FOUR PEELED POTATO HALVES AND SCOOP EACH ONE OUT TO MAKE POTATO CUPS.ONE OF THESE POTATO CUPS SHOULD BE MADE FROM FROM A BOILED POTATO. PUT EACH POTATO CUP INTO A THROUGH CONTAINING WATER. 
NOW
(a)KEEP CUP A EMPTY;
(b)PUT ONE  TEASPOON SUGAR IN CUP B;
(c)PUT ONE TEASPOON  SALT IN CUP C;
(d)PUT ONE TEASPOON SUGAR IN BOILED POTATO CUP D;
KEEP THESE FOR 2 HOURS. THEN OBSERVE THE FOUR POTATO CUPS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1)EXPLAIN WHY WATER GATHERS IN THE HOLLOWED PORTION OF B AND C.
2)WHY IS POTATO